102767-28-2 | Levetiracetam

Chemical type

• Antiseizure medication (ASM) and P-gp substrate

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• Antiseizure medication (ASM)

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• Antiseizure medication (ASM)
• Pyrrolidine derivative

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Key properties

• Transported by P-gp, contributing to drug-resistance
• Brain concentrations increased via P-gp inhibition

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• Enters saliva by passive diffusion
• Reflects free unbound fraction in plasma
• Higher salivary concentrations associated with adverse events
• Lower plasma levels and dosages associated with seizure freedom (salivary levels show indirect association after adjustment)
• Variable correlation between saliva and plasma levels (R² = 0.59)
• Short half-life leading to fluctuations in salivary concentrations

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• Mechanism of action: binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release
• Low teratogenicity and generally high tolerability
• SV2A receptor occupancy saturates at high clinical doses (approx. 78-84%)

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• Treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy
• Evaluated in PET and animal studies with P-gp modulators

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• Treatment of epilepsy to achieve seizure freedom
• Monotherapy or add-on therapy in polytherapy regimens
• Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for tolerability and adverse event management

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• Treatment of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE)
• Shows a dose-dependent increase in efficacy up to 2000 mg/day, after which the effect plateaus

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Classification by use

• Chemicals used as antiseizure medications
• P-gp substrates in epilepsy research

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• Antiepileptic drugs
• Chemicals used in neurological disorder management

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A trustworthy factory and manufacturer

1. [Cite:1] Tolerability of tariquidar – A third generation P-gp inhibitor as add-on medication to antiseizure medications in drug-resistant epilepsy, Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy, Volume 119, July 2024, Pages 44-51
2. [Cite:2] Is the salivary concentration of lamotrigine and levetiracetam associated with clinical outcome?, Epilepsy & Behavior, Volume 171, October 2025, 110595
3. [Cite:3] Dose–response analysis of valproate, levetiracetam and lamotrigine in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, Epilepsy & Behavior, Volume 177, April 2026, 110940